Find or Sell Motorcycles & Scooters in USA
  • 2007 Yamaha V Star2007 Yamaha V Star (2007)
    The value Classic packed with all Star quality and performance. This bike has low miles, never been in an accident, has chrome grips, customized to look cool while riding extremely well, has Lockable quick detach leather saddle bags, Rear luggage rack, Back Rest, Passenger seat, Vance and Hines Pipes 4” Risers, Windshield, Custom made Reduced reach Solo seat, great bike at a low price.   Model: Yamaha V Star Classic Year: 2007 Category: Custom / cruiser Extras: Lockable removable leather saddle bags, Rear luggage rack, Back Rest, Passenger seat, Vance and Hines Pipes 4” Risers, Windshield, Custom made Reduced reach Solo seat Price: US$ 3,749 Engine and transmission Displacement: 655.52 ccm (40.00 cubic inches) Engine type: V2, four-stroke Compression: 9.0:1 Bore x stroke: 81.0 x 63.0 mm (3.2 x 2.5 inches) Fuel system: Carburettor.
    2016-06-17 04:59:23
    Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States
    5
    3,749.00
  • 2008 Yamaha V Star 1100 Custom 2008 Yamaha V Star 1100 Custom (2008)
    2008 Yamaha V Star 1100 Custom, SUPER CLEAN 2008 YAMAHA V-STAR 1100 CUSTOM! Features include; 1063 cc air-cooled SOHC V-twin engine, gauges including; analog speedometer w/digital clock, trip, and odometer; passenger seat and foot pegs, staggered dual-exhaust, rear-view mirrors, and a 4.5-gallon fuel tank. This machine is in excellent overall condition with minimal wear and 12,215 miles.
    2013-12-21 22:56:46
    Kalamazoo, MI
    12,215
    4,499.00
  • 2007 Yamaha V Star 1100 Classic 2007 Yamaha V Star 1100 Classic (2007)
    2007 Yamaha V Star 1100 Classic, Retro style is even cooler when it's combined with Star engineering, including an OHC air-cooled V-twin and shaft drive.Classic rigid-look rear end serves up 4.5 inches of rear wheel travel damped by a hidden preload-adjustable shock.
    2013-12-21 22:35:02
    Kalamazoo, MI
    15,103
    5,997.00
  • 2012 Yamaha V Star 950 V STAR 950 2012 Yamaha V Star 950 V STAR 950 (2012)
    2012 Yamaha V Star 950, Low ride, high standardsA double-downtube steel frame gives the V Star 950 the longest wheelbase in its class, while a fuel-injected, forward-mounted engine packs major power under your low 26.5 inch seat.
    2013-12-21 22:34:00
    Kalamazoo, MI
    0
    8,490.00
  • 2005 Yamaha V Star Silverado 2005 Yamaha V Star Silverado (2005)
    2005 Yamaha V Star Silverado, The V Star Silverado features all the performance and glamour of its V Star Classic sibling, with a casual touring twist that includes - Adjustable windshield Studded seat Backrest Hard leather saddlebags Long and low with a 64-inch wheelbase powered by a brawny, shaft-driven, 40-cubic-inch V-twin . And for 2005 , you'll get more - More chrome: shiny fork covers, upper triple and handlebar clamps. More style: stylish new speedometer face, clear turn signal lenses and new 3D side cover emblems.
    2013-12-21 22:31:39
    Kalamazoo, MI
    24,151
    3,697.00
  • 2012 Yamaha V Star 250 250 2012 Yamaha V Star 250 250 (2012)
    2012 Yamaha V Star 250, Stardom starts here.Plenty of torque, smooth roll-on power, lightweight and a seat just 27 inches from the pavement make the V Star 250 super nimble and maneuverable, and the perfect Star to get started on.
    2013-12-20 23:25:18
    Kalamazoo, MI
    0
    4,190.00
  • 2005 Yamaha V Star Classic 2005 Yamaha V Star Classic (2005)
    2005 Yamaha V Star Classic, The middleweight cruiser that has reached new heights in performance, styling and value ever since its debut and in the process, redefined what middleweight cruising is all about. Motorcycle Cruiser Magazine crowned it both "Cruiser of the Year" and "Best Value" the very first season it hit the streets, hailing it as bike that "has raised the bar for middleweight cruisers." The V Star Classic is long and low, 64-inch wheelbase. It's a brawny, shaft-driven, 40-cubic-inch V-twin breathing through beefy dual exhausts.
    2013-12-20 22:30:37
    Kalamazoo, MI
    26,319
    3,997.00
  • 2007 Yamaha V Star 650 Classic 650 CLASSIC 2007 Yamaha V Star 650 Classic 650 CLASSIC (2007)
    2007 Yamaha V Star 650 Classic, Retro style is even cooler when it's combined with modern engineering, including an OHC air-cooled V-twin and shaft drive.Rider floorboards, steel fenders, custom-looking clear turn signals, lots of chrome, etc. the V StarClassic represents tremendous cruiser bang for the buck.Rigid-look frame provides a great ride via a hidden rear shock with 3.9 inches of travel.
    2013-12-19 22:38:52
    Kalamazoo, MI
    0
    3,997.00
  • 2005 Yamaha V Star 650 Classic 650 CLASSIC 2005 Yamaha V Star 650 Classic 650 CLASSIC (2005)
    2005 Yamaha V Star 650 Classic, Lean and mean and low-slung is the name of the game here, with boulevard bad boy styling and a price tag that will make one wonder why they waited so long to take one home. It comes with a pavement-skimming, 27.4-inch seat height and long, 64-inch wheelbase. And 40 cubic inches of genuine V-twin muscle, tuned just right to pump out serious torque from idle on up through a low-maintenance shaft drive.
    2013-12-18 23:32:55
    Kalamazoo, MI
    18,858
    3,997.00
  • 2005 Yamaha V Star 650 Classic 650 CLASSIC 2005 Yamaha V Star 650 Classic 650 CLASSIC (2005)
    2005 Yamaha V Star 650 Classic, The middleweight cruiser that has reached new heights in performance, styling and value ever since its debut and in the process, redefined what middleweight cruising is all about. Motorcycle Cruiser Magazine crowned it both "Cruiser of the Year" and "Best Value" the very first season it hit the streets, hailing it as bike that "has raised the bar for middleweight cruisers." The V Star Classic is long and low, 64-inch wheelbase. It's a brawny, shaft-driven, 40-cubic-inch V-twin breathing through beefy dual exhausts.
    2013-12-18 23:18:10
    Kalamazoo, MI
    26,319
    3,997.00
  • 2007 Yamaha V Star 650 Custom 650 CUSTOM 2007 Yamaha V Star 650 Custom 650 CUSTOM (2007)
    2007 Yamaha V Star 650 Custom, 2007 Yamaha V Star ClassicKalamazoo, MI - Stock Number: 7A115681
    2013-12-18 22:46:09
    Kalamazoo, MI
    0
    4,777.00
  • 2012 Yamaha V Star 950 Tourer 2012 Yamaha V Star 950 Tourer (2012)
    2012 Yamaha V Star 950 Tourer, SUPER CLEAN 2012 YAMAHA V-STAR 950 TOURING WITH ONLY 1,916 MILES! Features include; 942 cc air-cooled 4-stroke V-twin engine w/EFI, gauges including; analog speedometer w/digital clock, and odometer; windshield, hard leather saddle bags, passenger backrest and foot pegs, rear-view mirrors, and a 4.4-gallon fuel tank. This machine is in excellent overall condition with minimal wear and 1,916 miles.
    2013-12-17 22:41:49
    Kalamazoo, MI
    1,916
    6,999.00
  • 2012 Yamaha V Star 950 2012 Yamaha V Star 950 (2012)
    2012 Yamaha V Star 950, Low ride, high standardsA double-downtube steel frame gives the V Star 950 the longest wheelbase in its class, while a fuel-injected, forward-mounted engine packs major power under your low 26.5 inch seat.Brand New Bike...Save $1,600.00!!
    2013-12-16 22:24:07
    Kalamazoo, MI
    0
    6,987.00
  • 2006 Yamaha V Star Custom 2006 Yamaha V Star Custom (2006)
    2006 Yamaha V Star Custom, Beautiful 40 cubic-inch (649cc), air-cooled, V-twin cranks out torquey low- and mid-range power with minimal engine RPM maximum torque is reached at only 3000 RPM for powerful, smooth cruising performance. Wide-ratio 5-speed transmission ensures extremely usable, cruiser-friendly power delivery to the asphalt. Low-maintenance shaft drive provides quiet, reliable performance.
    2013-12-11 22:20:20
    Kalamazoo, MI
    3,985
    3,997.00
  • 2007 Yamaha V Star 650 Custom 650 CUSTOM Cruiser 2007 Yamaha V Star 650 Custom 650 CUSTOM Cruiser (2007)
    2007 Yamaha V Star 650 Custom, 2007 Yamaha V Star ClassicKalamazoo, MI - Stock Number: 7A115681
    2013-10-21 01:11:03
    Kalamazoo, MI, US
    0
    4,777.00
  • 2005 Yamaha V Star Silverado Cruiser 2005 Yamaha V Star Silverado Cruiser (2005)
    2005 Yamaha V Star Silverado, The V Star Silverado features all the performance and glamour of its V Star Classic sibling, with a casual touring twist that includes - Adjustable windshield Studded seat Backrest Hard leather saddlebags Long and low with a 64-inch wheelbase powered by a brawny, shaft-driven, 40-cubic-inch V-twin. And for 2005, you'll get more - More chrome: shiny fork covers, upper triple and handlebar clamps. More style: stylish new speedometer face, clear turn signal lenses and new 3D side cover emblems.
    2013-10-20 02:51:25
    Kalamazoo, MI, US
    24
    3,697.00
  • 2012 Yamaha V Star 950 Tourer Cruiser 2012 Yamaha V Star 950 Tourer Cruiser (2012)
    2012 Yamaha V Star 950 Tourer, SUPER CLEAN 2012 YAMAHA V-STAR 950 TOURING WITH ONLY 1,916 MILES! Features include 942 cc air-cooled 4-stroke V-twin engine w/EFI, gauges including analog speedometer w/digital clock, and odometer windshield, hard leather saddle bags, passenger backrest and foot pegs, rear-view mirrors, and a 4.4-gallon fuel tank. This machine is in excellent overall condition with minimal wear and 1,916 miles.
    2013-10-16 10:01:46
    Kalamazoo, MI, US
    1
    7,499.00
  • 2012 Yamaha V Star 950 V STAR 950 Cruiser 2012 Yamaha V Star 950 V STAR 950 Cruiser (2012)
    2012 Yamaha V Star 950, Low ride, high standardsA double-downtube steel frame gives the V Star 950 the longest wheelbase in its class, while a fuel-injected, forward-mounted engine packs major power under your low 26.5 inch seat.
    2013-10-16 09:27:03
    Kalamazoo, MI, US
    0
    8,490.00
  • 2007 Yamaha V Star 1100 Classic Cruiser 2007 Yamaha V Star 1100 Classic Cruiser (2007)
    2007 Yamaha V Star 1100 Classic, Retro style is even cooler when it's combined with Star engineering, including an OHC air-cooled V-twin and shaft drive.Classic rigid-look rear end serves up 4.5 inches of rear wheel travel damped by a hidden preload-adjustable shock.
    2013-10-16 08:52:48
    Kalamazoo, MI, US
    6
    6,577.00
  • 2012 Yamaha V Star 250 250 Cruiser 2012 Yamaha V Star 250 250 Cruiser (2012)
    2012 Yamaha V Star 250, Stardom starts here.Plenty of torque, smooth roll-on power, lightweight and a seat just 27 inches from the pavement make the V Star 250 super nimble and maneuverable, and the perfect Star to get started on.
    2013-10-16 08:45:59
    Kalamazoo, MI, US
    0
    4,190.00
  • 2012 Yamaha V Star 1300 1300 TOURER Cruiser 2012 Yamaha V Star 1300 1300 TOURER Cruiser (2012)
    2012 Yamaha V Star 1300, The perfect Star.Not too big and not too small but with a personality all its own. That's the V Star 1300 with its belt drive, powerful 80-inch V-twin, steel fenders and flangeless fuel tank. Star quality from stem to stern and the looks to turn heads all in a package that is designed to navigate the urban maze in style.
    2013-10-04 09:46:58
    Kalamazoo, MI, US
    0
    10,990.00
  • 2005 Yamaha V Star 650 Classic 650 CLASSIC Cruiser 2005 Yamaha V Star 650 Classic 650 CLASSIC Cruiser (2005)
    2005 Yamaha V Star 650 Classic, The middleweight cruiser that has reached new heights in performance, styling and value ever since its debut and in the process, redefined what middleweight cruising is all about. Motorcycle Cruiser Magazine crowned it both Cruiser of the Year and Best Value the very first season it hit the streets, hailing it as bike that has raised the bar for middleweight cruisers. The V Star Classic is long and low, 64-inch wheelbase.
    2013-10-02 20:21:27
    Kalamazoo, MI, US
    26
    3,997.00
  • 2005 Yamaha V Star 650 Classic 650 CLASSIC Cruiser 2005 Yamaha V Star 650 Classic 650 CLASSIC Cruiser (2005)
    2005 Yamaha V Star 650 Classic, Lean and mean and low-slung is the name of the game here, with boulevard bad boy styling and a price tag that will make one wonder why they waited so long to take one home. It comes with a pavement-skimming, 27.4-inch seat height and long, 64-inch wheelbase. And 40 cubic inches of genuine V-twin muscle, tuned just right to pump out serious torque from idle on up through a low-maintenance shaft drive.
    2013-10-02 04:13:40
    Kalamazoo, MI, US
    18
    3,997.00
  • 2007 Yamaha V Star 650 Classic 650 CLASSIC Cruiser 2007 Yamaha V Star 650 Classic 650 CLASSIC Cruiser (2007)
    2007 Yamaha V Star 650 Classic, Retro style is even cooler when it's combined with modern engineering, including an OHC air-cooled V-twin and shaft drive.Rider floorboards, steel fenders, custom-looking clear turn signals, lots of chrome, etc. the V StarClassic represents tremendous cruiser bang for the buck.Rigid-look frame provides a great ride via a hidden rear shock with 3.9 inches of travel.
    2013-10-01 22:22:33
    Kalamazoo, MI, US
    0
    3,997.00
  • 2012 Yamaha V Star 1300 Tourer 1300 TOURER Touring 2012 Yamaha V Star 1300 Tourer 1300 TOURER Touring (2012)
    2012 Yamaha V Star 1300 Tourer, Out most powerful V Star Tourer.This V Star makes you feel good all over. The handlebars provide a relaxed riding position, the contoured seat is just 27.2 inches and with standard features like belt drive, leather covered hardbags and an adjustable windscreen you are ready to roll in style and comfort. And don't forget the 80 cubic-inch, fuel injected V-twin engine that provides plenty of power, a great exhaust note and tons of reliability.
    2013-09-30 00:55:34
    Kalamazoo, MI, US
    0
    12,090.00
  • 2012 Yamaha V Star 950 Cruiser 2012 Yamaha V Star 950 Cruiser (2012)
    2012 Yamaha V Star 950, Low ride, high standardsA double-downtube steel frame gives the V Star 950 the longest wheelbase in its class, while a fuel-injected, forward-mounted engine packs major power under your low 26.5 inch seat.Brand New Bike...Save $1,600.00!!
    2013-09-28 14:27:08
    Kalamazoo, MI, US
    0
    6,987.00
  • 2006 Yamaha V Star Custom Cruiser 2006 Yamaha V Star Custom Cruiser (2006)
    2006 Yamaha V Star Custom, Beautiful 40 cubic-inch (649cc), air-cooled, V-twin cranks out torquey low- and mid-range power with minimal engine RPM maximum torque is reached at only 3000 RPM for powerful, smooth cruising performance. Wide-ratio 5-speed transmission ensures extremely usable, cruiser-friendly power delivery to the asphalt. Low-maintenance shaft drive provides quiet, reliable performance.
    2013-09-05 06:55:49
    Kalamazoo, MI, US
    3
    3,997.00

Yamaha V Star Price Analytics

Moto blog

5 Things You Need To Know About the Yamaha Tracer 9 GT+

Wed, 27 Nov 2024

Recently, the Motorcycle.com staff had the chance to tour the beautiful Ontario countryside to experience the fall colors and to get a taste of what Northern Ontario has to offer. It’s a stunning place, and we thank our friends at Destination Ontario for making it all possible. Watch the feature video about our trip here or you can read about our trip here.  This trip was made possible by our friends at Destination Ontario.

2024 Yamaha MT-09 SP Review – First Ride

Wed, 28 Aug 2024

Better suspension and Track mode brings us so close to an R9 Photos by Dave Schelske As the tail rider in a train of approximately seven identical Yamahas, I couldn’t help but watch in awe as each of us weaved our way through the notorious Tail of the Dragon, bending the bike underneath us to our will through the 120-something corners, the unison of the dance mesmerizing as each of us took our turn, one by one, around each apex, at irresponsible speeds, front wheels inches away from the person in front of us. This is the kind of trust you build up after you’ve ridden with the same group of people for years on end. We all know that riding with your friends is fun.

2024 Yamaha MT-09 SP Gallery

Wed, 28 Aug 2024

2024 Yamaha MT-09 SP Gallery | Motorcycle.com Join Now My History Account Settings Log out Specs Classifieds Bike Reviews Product Reviews Best Motorcycle Cameras Best Motorcycle Earplugs Best Motorcycle Oil Best Leather Jackets Best Winter Gloves Best Sportbike Tires GPS Buyers Guide Gear Deals Types Adventure Touring Cruiser Electric Off-Road On-Off-Road Other Scooter Sport-Touring Sportbikes Standard Touring Touring Scooter Track Youth Brands Aprilia BMW CFMoto Ducati Energica Gas-Gas Harley-Davidson Honda Husqvarna Indian Kawasaki KTM Kymco Moto Guzzi MV Agusta Piaggio Royal Enfield Suzuki Triumph Vespa Yamaha Zero Resources New Rider's Hub Dealers Safety Forums Videos Insurance Specs Classifieds Bike Reviews Product Reviews Best Motorcycle Cameras Best Motorcycle Earplugs Best Motorcycle Oil Best Leather Jackets Best Winter Gloves Best Sportbike Tires GPS Buyers Guide Gear Deals Types Adventure Touring Cruiser Electric Off-Road On-Off-Road Other Scooter Sport-Touring Sportbikes Standard Touring Touring Scooter Track Youth Brands Aprilia BMW CFMoto Ducati Energica Gas-Gas Harley-Davidson Honda Husqvarna Indian Kawasaki KTM Kymco Moto Guzzi MV Agusta Piaggio Royal Enfield Suzuki Triumph Vespa Yamaha Zero Resources New Rider's Hub Dealers Safety Forums Videos Insurance Join Now My History Account Settings Log out Edit & Post 2024 Yamaha MT-09 SP Gallery We're fans of the standard Yamaha MT-09 as it is, but for $1,700 more, the MT-09 SP is worth the extra dough. Read the full story here. Photos by Dave Schelske.

2024 Yamaha MT-09 Review – First Ride

Tue, 14 May 2024

More minor changes in anticipation of the R9 Photos by Joseph Agustine. There really wasn’t a reason to update Yamaha’s MT-09. We love the MT-09, and apparently you do too – it’s been Yamaha’s best-selling MT model for a decade.

2024 Yamaha Ténéré 700 First Ride

Wed, 13 Dec 2023

Small updates keep the T7 fresh, but we're still missing out on the European variants Photos by Yamaha/Joseph Agustin Photo Yamaha’s popular Ténéré 700 “T7” adventure bike returns for 2024, and while it would be easy to say it is “largely unchanged” from the 2023 model, there have been some notable changes made in response to feedback from many North American riders. One wish still unrealized: the U.S. dealers won’t be getting the up-spec World Raid and numerous other versions of the T7 the EU enjoys - at least not this year.

2024 Yamaha Tracer 9 GT+ Gallery

Tue, 29 Aug 2023

2024 Yamaha Tracer 9 GT+ Gallery | Motorcycle.com Join Now My History Account Settings Log out Specs Classifieds Bike Reviews Product Reviews Best Motorcycle Cameras Best Motorcycle Earplugs Best Motorcycle Oil Best Leather Jackets Best Winter Gloves Best Sportbike Tires GPS Buyers Guide Gear Deals Types Adventure Touring Cruiser Electric Off-Road On-Off-Road Other Scooter Sport-Touring Sportbikes Standard Touring Touring Scooter Track Youth Brands Aprilia BMW CFMoto Ducati Energica Gas-Gas Harley-Davidson Honda Husqvarna Indian Kawasaki KTM Kymco Moto Guzzi MV Agusta Piaggio Royal Enfield Suzuki Triumph Vespa Yamaha Zero Resources New Rider's Hub Dealers Safety Forums Videos Insurance Specs Classifieds Bike Reviews Product Reviews Best Motorcycle Cameras Best Motorcycle Earplugs Best Motorcycle Oil Best Leather Jackets Best Winter Gloves Best Sportbike Tires GPS Buyers Guide Gear Deals Types Adventure Touring Cruiser Electric Off-Road On-Off-Road Other Scooter Sport-Touring Sportbikes Standard Touring Touring Scooter Track Youth Brands Aprilia BMW CFMoto Ducati Energica Gas-Gas Harley-Davidson Honda Husqvarna Indian Kawasaki KTM Kymco Moto Guzzi MV Agusta Piaggio Royal Enfield Suzuki Triumph Vespa Yamaha Zero Resources New Rider's Hub Dealers Safety Forums Videos Insurance Join Now My History Account Settings Log out Edit & Post 2024 Yamaha Tracer 9 GT+ Gallery We had the pleasure of riding 950 miles across three states in two days. Here are some photos of the GT+. By Evans Brasfield Pin Slideshow Edit Slideshow Along Highway 50 in Nevada The Sierras Seen from 9,000 Feet The Millimeter Wave Transmitter 10 Position Adjustable Windshield Great Cornering Capabilities The Garmin Motorize App Provides Navigation Yamaha Ride Control (YRC) Street Settings YRC Custom Mode Allows Full Adjustment One of Three Speedometer Styles All LED Lighting Aggressive in Stature Rider Seat in Low Position Adjustable Foot Peg Height Semi-Active Suspension Adapts to Conditions Hand Guards are Silly in Hot Weather Unified Braking is a Game Changer Sport Mode Delivers Smooth Throttle Response Saddlebags are Easily Removable Rear Preload Adjuster A Willing Travel Partner Sport Mode Offers Stiffer Suspension In the Mountains of Idaho The New Joystick A Familiar Engine Steering is Responsive for a Bike This Size Made for Travel About Privacy Terms Contact us Advertising Copyright Follow us © 2024  VerticalScope Inc.

2024 Yamaha Tracer 9 GT+ Review

Thu, 17 Aug 2023

Riding 950 miles across three states in two days highlights this Tracer’s capabilities Photography by Joseph Augustin New motorcycle model introductions follow a well-worn path: travel to the event location, eat nice meals, get briefed on the bike of the moment, ride a route designed to highlight the bike’s strengths, take photos/video, eat more good food, return home, and write up a review. After 27 years in this industry, I still get a cheap thrill about throwing a leg over a new motorcycle before it is available to the general public. However, what really gets me going is when I have a chance to log more than just the couple of hundred miles typically covered in an intro and spend some real time on the road with said bike.

2023 Yamaha Tracer 9 GT+ Review – First Ride

Thu, 18 May 2023

Yamaha’s sports tourer middleweight receives an influx of technology for 2023 Astute readers are probably wondering why Motorcycle.com is publishing a First Ride of a bike that’s not coming to the States this model year. Our reasoning is that, thanks to the sleuthing of Dennis Chung, we suspect the Yamaha Tracer 9 GT+ will be coming to the U.S. in 2024.

Yamaha Tracer 9 GT+ Finally Coming to US for 2024

Thu, 06 Apr 2023

Sport-tourer equipped with radar-based adaptive cruise control Last November, Yamaha Motor Europe revealed a new Tracer 9 GT+ at EICMA, a new version of its Triple-powered sport tourer equipped with a 7-inch TFT display, adaptive cruise control, and a radar-linked unified braking system. Yamaha Motor USA, however, remained quiet about it, and we later learned the Tracer 9 GT+ was not coming to the States for 2023. In fact, even the less techy regular Tracer 9 was left out of Yamaha Motor USA’s returning model announcements.

Yamaha MT-10 SP Project Bike - Update 1

Thu, 26 Jan 2023

Everythings installed and initial impressions. It’s been about a month since we introduced Motorcycle.com’s 2022 Yamaha MT-10 SP semi-long-term project bike. In case you forgot the premise of this whole thing, Yamaha offered us the opportunity to hang on to an MT-10 SP for an extended period of time, and since I have a soft spot for the bike, I decided to give it some tasteful upgrades to address some key weaknesses while also unleashing some trapped potential.