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1995 Kawasaki Vulcan 1500 (0)
Call Lance atDont miss out on this Classic Cruising Machine.2014-01-23 01:11:12Kalamazoo, MI02,999.00 -
2003 Kawasaki VN1600 Vulcan Cruiser Motorcycle (0)
This cruiser is in terrific shape. Features include windshield,bags,luggage rack, and highway bar. Call Rick Kastman atx395.M&M Motormall2014-01-22 04:11:53Kalamazoo, MI05,497.00 -
2008 Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Custom Vn900 Cruiser Motorcycle-New Fall Sale (0)
ANOTHER CLEAN KAWASAKI 900 W/11820 mileS. STK#8A016932. PLEASE CONTACT STEVE @ EXT.387 FALL CLOSEOUT SALE NOW $3997 WAS $5497-SAVE OVER $1500!!!!!!!!!!2014-01-22 02:44:04Kalamazoo, MI113,997.00 -
2008 Kawasaki Vulcan 500 Ltd En500 Cruiser Motorcycle (0)
CLEAN W/ ONLY 3500miS. STK#8A208644. PLEASE CONTACT STEVE @ EXT.3872014-01-22 02:33:42Kalamazoo, MI34,397.00
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2009 Kawasaki En500 Vulcan 500 Cruiser Motorcycle (0)
CLEAN 500 W/7138 mileS. STK#9A215406. PLEASE CALL STEVE @ EXT.3872014-01-22 02:11:21Kalamazoo, MI73,997.00
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2004 Kawasaki Vulcan 800 (2004)
2004 Kawasaki Vulcan 800,2013-12-21 22:59:06Kalamazoo, MI23,6364,397.00 -
2003 Kawasaki Vulcan1600 (2003)
2003 Kawasaki Vulcan1600, GENERAL INFORMATIONINSURANCE Get an Insurance QuoteMANUFACTURER KawasakiMODEL YEAR 2003MODEL Vulcan 1600 ClassicM.S.R.P. * $10,499.00DIMENSIONSLENGTH 98.6 in.HEIGHT 45.3 in.WIDTH 38.6 in.WEIGHT n/aGROUND CLEARANCE 5.1 in.WHEELBASE 66.7 in.SEAT HEIGHT 26.8 in.ENGINEENGINE 4-stroke V-Twin, SOHC, 8 valves, liquid cooledDISPLACEMENT 1,552ccBORE X STROKE 102.0 x 95.0mmCOMPRESSION RATIO 9.0:1CARBURETION Digital Fuel InjectionFUEL TANK CAPACITY 5.28 gal.IGNITION DigitalDRIVETRAINTRANSMISSION 5-speedFINAL DRIVE n/aBRAKES/WHEELS/TIRESBRAKES Front/rear: 300mm hydraulic dual-disc/300mm discTIRES Front: 130/90x16 Rear: 170/70x16OPERATIONALFRAME High-tensile steel, double cradleSUSPENSION Front: 43mm hydraulic fork Rear: Dual air shocks, 4-way preload adjustment2013-12-19 23:53:06Kalamazoo, MI17,095Call for Price -
2007 Kawasaki Vulcan 1600 Classic 1600 CLASSIC (2007)
2007 Kawasaki Vulcan 1600 Classic, KAWASAKI???S BRAWNY VULCAN?® 1600 CLASSIC OFFERS MUSCULAR TORQUE AND SLEEK STYLINGAdditional power and handling for demanding ridersA mature adaptation of the original Vulcan?® 1500 Cruiser???s design, the Vulcan 1600 Classic adds a strengthened frame and extra power to take your rides to the next level. A low, ???stretched??? chassis gives it a sleekness all its own.2013-12-18 23:36:37Kalamazoo, MI13,1976,577.00 -
2009 Kawasaki Vulcan 500 LTD (2009)
2009 Kawasaki Vulcan 500 LTD, Affordable cruiser styling, outstanding small displacement efficiencyThe ranks of first-time motorcycle buyers are swelling just as fast as the price of gas. The Vulcan 500 LTD is Kawasaki s answer to motorcyclists yearning to ride into the cruiser lifestyle. A low seat height, friendly power delivery and affordable purchase price make it an excellent entry level motorcycle and an easy platform on which to develop those all-important riding skills.2013-12-18 22:50:01Kalamazoo, MI2,5373,997.00 -
2009 Kawasaki Vulcan 1700 Classic LT (2009)
2009 Kawasaki Vulcan 1700 Classic LT, Modern cruiser with a touch of tradition ready for travelingSharing can be half the fun. If you are looking for the ideal platform to spend the day on the road with a partner, Kawasaki s new 2009 Vulcan 1700 Classic LT is the motorcycle you seek. Building on the innovative Vulcan 1700 Classic, the LT adds just the right amount of accoutrements a large windshield, leather saddlebags and a backrest to make any solo or two-up venture around town or on the highway blissful.2013-12-18 22:46:42Kalamazoo, MI13,8008,497.00 -
2008 Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Custom (2008)
2008 Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Custom, KAWASAKI VULCAN 900 CUSTOM OFFERS CLEAN STYLING AND A SLENDER 21 FRONT WHEEL The one with the attitude in the Vulcan 900 family A motorcycle should make its owner proud, whether cruising through town or simply parked at one of the many motorcycling hangouts throughout the country. With the Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Custom, riders get the seamless blend of comfort, big bike feel, and customized appearance. The Vulcan 900 Custom is the crown jewel in Kawasaki s mid-size cruiser family.2013-12-18 22:43:42Kalamazoo, MI11,8203,997.00 -
2010 Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Custom 900 CUSTOM (2010)
2010 Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Custom, Wasn???t Really Built In A Custom Shop; It Just Looks, Rides and Feels That Way!It???s called Custom because this is how riders did it back when they rolled their own: A flat handlebar sits in custom clamps atop distinctive forks that hold a tall, slender custom-looking front wheel. A bobbed (as in shortened) rear fender perches over a fat tire, and cool, clean components fill out the middle ??? including a rumbling fuel-injected 903cc V-twin exhaling through dual slash-cut exhausts, a low gunfighter-style seat and forward-mounted footpegs complete its rakish image.The crown jewel in Kawasaki???s mid-size cruiser family, this chromed-out machine is more than just good looking.2013-12-18 22:38:52Kalamazoo, MI1,4877,497.00 -
2011 Kawasaki Vulcan 1700 Classic 1700 CLASSIC (2011)
2011 Kawasaki Vulcan 1700 Classic, It s a formula that simply can t be beat: Take the very latest in two-wheeled chassis and engine technology, package it with Kawasaki s legendary engineering prowess, and then bless it with absolutely gorgeous, drop-dead custom styling. Do it right and cruiser buyers will wear a path to your dealerships.2013-12-18 22:21:31Kalamazoo, MI1,39710,499.00 -
2005 Kawasaki Vulcan 1600 Mean Streak (2005)
2005 Kawasaki Vulcan 1600 Mean Streak , When gazing intently at the Kawasaki Vulcan® 1600 Mean Streak® motorcycle, the eyes naturally gravitate to the twist-grip throttle and the human brain begins to visualize the torque and acceleration of a true power cruiser. Clearly, Kawasaki named this liquid-cooled, fuel-injected power cruiser mean for a reason. The Vulcan 1600 Mean Streak s 1,552cc V-twin engine packs a punch with features such as liquid cooling, electronic fuel injection, dual spark plug digital ignition and four valves per cylinder.2013-12-12 22:02:00Kalamazoo, MI11,6444,997.00 -
2010 Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Classic LT 900 CLASSIC LT (2010)
2010 Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Classic LT, Hello Everyone,Thank you for checking out M&M Motorsports online! Please feel free to look around and check out our new and pre-owned inventory. New and Pre-Owned units added daily!2013-12-11 22:32:15Kalamazoo, MI07,899.00 -
2003 Kawasaki Vulcan1600 Cruiser (2003)
2003 Kawasaki Vulcan1600, GENERAL INFORMATIONINSURANCE Get an Insurance QuoteMANUFACTURER KawasakiMODEL YEAR 2003MODEL Vulcan 1600 ClassicM.S.R.P. * $10,499.00DIMENSIONSLENGTH 98.6 in.HEIGHT 45.3 in.WIDTH 38.6 in.WEIGHT n/aGROUND CLEARANCE 5.1 in.WHEELBASE 66.7 in.SEAT HEIGHT 26.8 in.ENGINEENGINE 4-stroke V-Twin, SOHC, 8 valves, liquid cooledDISPLACEMENT 1,552ccBORE X STROKE 102.0 x 95.0mmCOMPRESSION RATIO 9.0:1CARBURETION Digital Fuel InjectionFUEL TANK CAPACITY 5.28 gal.IGNITION DigitalDRIVETRAINTRANSMISSION 5-speedFINAL DRIVE n/aBRAKES/WHEELS/TIRESBRAKES Front/rear: 300mm hydraulic dual-disc/300mm discTIRES Front: 130/90x16 Rear: 170/70x16OPERATIONALFRAME High-tensile steel, double cradleSUSPENSION Front: 43mm hydraulic fork Rear: Dual air shocks, 4-way preload adjustment2013-10-21 01:18:12Kalamazoo, MI, US170.00 -
2007 Kawasaki Vulcan 1600 Classic 1600 CLASSIC Cruiser (2007)
2007 Kawasaki Vulcan 1600 Classic, KAWASAKI⿿S BRAWNY VULCAN® 1600 CLASSIC OFFERS MUSCULAR TORQUE AND SLEEK STYLINGAdditional power and handling for demanding ridersA mature adaptation of the original Vulcan® 1500 Cruiser⿿s design, the Vulcan 1600 Classic adds a strengthened frame and extra power to take your rides to the next level. A low, ⿿stretched⿠chassis gives it a sleekness all its own. Matching good looks with muscular V-twin power, the 1600 Classic gives its rider an experience that⿿s hard to forget.With a 95 cubic inch V-twin engine providing plenty of low-end torque and excellent highway muscle, the Vulcan 1600 Classic has extra power for just about anything its rider chooses to do.2013-10-17 18:16:44Kalamazoo, MI, US136,577.00 -
2013 Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Custom Cruiser (2013)
2013 Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Custom, Well, looks aren t everything... It s easy to imagine the Vulcan 900 Custom s competition comforting themselves with words to that effect, but one ride is all it takes to discover this cruiser has far more than just great looks on its side. This is one machine that manages to be both easy to ride and also powerful enough to more than hold its own against much larger cruisers.2013-10-21 01:13:36Kalamazoo, MI, US07,197.00 -
2009 Kawasaki Vulcan 1700 Classic LT Cruiser (2009)
2009 Kawasaki Vulcan 1700 Classic LT, Modern cruiser with a touch of tradition ready for travelingSharing can be half the fun. If you are looking for the ideal platform to spend the day on the road with a partner, Kawasaki s new 2009 Vulcan 1700 Classic LT is the motorcycle you seek. Building on the innovative Vulcan 1700 Classic, the LT adds just the right amount of accoutrements a large windshield, leather saddlebags and a backrest to make any solo or two-up venture around town or on the highway blissful.2013-10-17 18:03:03Kalamazoo, MI, US138,497.00 -
2009 Kawasaki Vulcan 500 LTD Cruiser (2009)
2009 Kawasaki Vulcan 500 LTD, Affordable cruiser styling, outstanding small displacement efficiencyThe ranks of first-time motorcycle buyers are swelling just as fast as the price of gas. The Vulcan 500 LTD is Kawasaki s answer to motorcyclists yearning to ride into the cruiser lifestyle. A low seat height, friendly power delivery and affordable purchase price make it an excellent entry level motorcycle and an easy platform on which to develop those all-important riding skills.2013-10-03 02:47:23Kalamazoo, MI, US23,997.00 -
2004 Kawasaki Vulcan 800 Cruiser (2004)
2004 Kawasaki Vulcan 800,2013-09-29 01:58:20Kalamazoo, MI, US234,397.00 -
2010 Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Custom 900 CUSTOM Cruiser (2010)
2010 Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Custom, Wasn⿿t Really Built In A Custom Shop It Just Looks, Rides and Feels That Way!It⿿s called Custom because this is how riders did it back when they rolled their own: A flat handlebar sits in custom clamps atop distinctive forks that hold a tall, slender custom-looking front wheel. A bobbed (as in shortened) rear fender perches over a fat tire, and cool, clean components fill out the middle ⿿ including a rumbling fuel-injected 903cc V-twin exhaling through dual slash-cut exhausts, a low gunfighter-style seat and forward-mounted footpegs complete its rakish image.The crown jewel in Kawasaki⿿s mid-size cruiser family, this chromed-out machine is more than just good looking. Like its siblings, the Vulcan® 900 Custom has a fuel-injected 903cc engine producing exceptional roll-on acceleration that rivals the get-up-and-go of much larger motorcycles ⿿ yet it⿿s wrapped in a nimble chassis that lets it turn and handle like no heavyweight motorcycle can.The 900 Custom⿿s unique design gives it the edge to stand out from the crowd.2013-09-28 10:49:04Kalamazoo, MI, US17,497.00 -
2010 Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Classic LT 900 CLASSIC LT Cruiser (2010)
2010 Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Classic LT, Hello Everyone,Thank you for checking out M&M Motorsports online! Please feel free to look around and check out our new and pre-owned inventory. New and Pre-Owned units added daily!2013-09-28 09:57:31Kalamazoo, MI, US07,899.00 -
2011 Kawasaki Vulcan 1700 Classic 1700 CLASSIC Cruiser (2011)
2011 Kawasaki Vulcan 1700 Classic, It s a formula that simply can t be beat: Take the very latest in two-wheeled chassis and engine technology, package it with Kawasaki s legendary engineering prowess, and then bless it with absolutely gorgeous, drop-dead custom styling. Do it right and cruiser buyers will wear a path to your dealerships.2013-09-28 05:32:31Kalamazoo, MI, US110,499.00 -
2008 Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Custom Cruiser (2008)
2008 Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Custom, KAWASAKI VULCAN 900 CUSTOM OFFERS CLEAN STYLING AND A SLENDER 21 FRONT WHEEL The one with the attitude in the Vulcan 900 family A motorcycle should make its owner proud, whether cruising through town or simply parked at one of the many motorcycling hangouts throughout the country. With the Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Custom, riders get the seamless blend of comfort, big bike feel, and customized appearance. The Vulcan 900 Custom is the crown jewel in Kawasaki s mid-size cruiser family.2013-09-28 01:14:44Kalamazoo, MI, US113,997.00 -
2013 Kawasaki Vulcan 900 Custom Motorcycle Brand New Zero Miles (2013)
Thanks For Looking...SAVE $3,500.00 of the suggested Retail price!This is a Brand New (Zero Mile) Kawasaki 900cc Custom Model Motorcycle. The BUY IT NOW PRICE is for this bike only.... a Bike ASSEMBLY FEE of $299.00 will be added to the final cost to purchaser. Plus any applicable State Taxes.2013-09-27 00:33:41Kalamazoo, Michigan, US05,698.00 -
2005 Kawasaki Vulcan 1600 Mean Streak Cruiser (2005)
2005 Kawasaki Vulcan 1600 Mean Streak , When gazing intently at the Kawasaki Vulcan® 1600 Mean Streak® motorcycle, the eyes naturally gravitate to the twist-grip throttle and the human brain begins to visualize the torque and acceleration of a true power cruiser. Clearly, Kawasaki named this liquid-cooled, fuel-injected power cruiser mean for a reason. The Vulcan 1600 Mean Streak s 1,552cc V-twin engine packs a punch with features such as liquid cooling, electronic fuel injection, dual spark plug digital ignition and four valves per cylinder.2013-09-05 06:48:01Kalamazoo, MI, US116,497.00
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Moto blog
5 Things You Need To Know About the Yamaha Tracer 9 GT+
Wed, 27 Nov 2024Recently, the Motorcycle.com staff had the chance to tour the beautiful Ontario countryside to experience the fall colors and to get a taste of what Northern Ontario has to offer. It’s a stunning place, and we thank our friends at Destination Ontario for making it all possible. Watch the feature video about our trip here or you can read about our trip here. This trip was made possible by our friends at Destination Ontario.
2024 Yamaha MT-09 SP Review – First Ride
Wed, 28 Aug 2024Better suspension and Track mode brings us so close to an R9 Photos by Dave Schelske As the tail rider in a train of approximately seven identical Yamahas, I couldn’t help but watch in awe as each of us weaved our way through the notorious Tail of the Dragon, bending the bike underneath us to our will through the 120-something corners, the unison of the dance mesmerizing as each of us took our turn, one by one, around each apex, at irresponsible speeds, front wheels inches away from the person in front of us. This is the kind of trust you build up after you’ve ridden with the same group of people for years on end. We all know that riding with your friends is fun.
2024 Yamaha MT-09 SP Gallery
Wed, 28 Aug 20242024 Yamaha MT-09 SP Gallery | Motorcycle.com Join Now My History Account Settings Log out Specs Classifieds Bike Reviews Product Reviews Best Motorcycle Cameras Best Motorcycle Earplugs Best Motorcycle Oil Best Leather Jackets Best Winter Gloves Best Sportbike Tires GPS Buyers Guide Gear Deals Types Adventure Touring Cruiser Electric Off-Road On-Off-Road Other Scooter Sport-Touring Sportbikes Standard Touring Touring Scooter Track Youth Brands Aprilia BMW CFMoto Ducati Energica Gas-Gas Harley-Davidson Honda Husqvarna Indian Kawasaki KTM Kymco Moto Guzzi MV Agusta Piaggio Royal Enfield Suzuki Triumph Vespa Yamaha Zero Resources New Rider's Hub Dealers Safety Forums Videos Insurance Specs Classifieds Bike Reviews Product Reviews Best Motorcycle Cameras Best Motorcycle Earplugs Best Motorcycle Oil Best Leather Jackets Best Winter Gloves Best Sportbike Tires GPS Buyers Guide Gear Deals Types Adventure Touring Cruiser Electric Off-Road On-Off-Road Other Scooter Sport-Touring Sportbikes Standard Touring Touring Scooter Track Youth Brands Aprilia BMW CFMoto Ducati Energica Gas-Gas Harley-Davidson Honda Husqvarna Indian Kawasaki KTM Kymco Moto Guzzi MV Agusta Piaggio Royal Enfield Suzuki Triumph Vespa Yamaha Zero Resources New Rider's Hub Dealers Safety Forums Videos Insurance Join Now My History Account Settings Log out Edit & Post 2024 Yamaha MT-09 SP Gallery We're fans of the standard Yamaha MT-09 as it is, but for $1,700 more, the MT-09 SP is worth the extra dough. Read the full story here. Photos by Dave Schelske.
2024 Yamaha MT-09 Review – First Ride
Tue, 14 May 2024More minor changes in anticipation of the R9 Photos by Joseph Agustine. There really wasn’t a reason to update Yamaha’s MT-09. We love the MT-09, and apparently you do too – it’s been Yamaha’s best-selling MT model for a decade.
2024 Yamaha Ténéré 700 First Ride
Wed, 13 Dec 2023Small updates keep the T7 fresh, but we're still missing out on the European variants Photos by Yamaha/Joseph Agustin Photo Yamaha’s popular Ténéré 700 “T7” adventure bike returns for 2024, and while it would be easy to say it is “largely unchanged” from the 2023 model, there have been some notable changes made in response to feedback from many North American riders. One wish still unrealized: the U.S. dealers won’t be getting the up-spec World Raid and numerous other versions of the T7 the EU enjoys - at least not this year.
2024 Yamaha Tracer 9 GT+ Gallery
Tue, 29 Aug 20232024 Yamaha Tracer 9 GT+ Gallery | Motorcycle.com Join Now My History Account Settings Log out Specs Classifieds Bike Reviews Product Reviews Best Motorcycle Cameras Best Motorcycle Earplugs Best Motorcycle Oil Best Leather Jackets Best Winter Gloves Best Sportbike Tires GPS Buyers Guide Gear Deals Types Adventure Touring Cruiser Electric Off-Road On-Off-Road Other Scooter Sport-Touring Sportbikes Standard Touring Touring Scooter Track Youth Brands Aprilia BMW CFMoto Ducati Energica Gas-Gas Harley-Davidson Honda Husqvarna Indian Kawasaki KTM Kymco Moto Guzzi MV Agusta Piaggio Royal Enfield Suzuki Triumph Vespa Yamaha Zero Resources New Rider's Hub Dealers Safety Forums Videos Insurance Specs Classifieds Bike Reviews Product Reviews Best Motorcycle Cameras Best Motorcycle Earplugs Best Motorcycle Oil Best Leather Jackets Best Winter Gloves Best Sportbike Tires GPS Buyers Guide Gear Deals Types Adventure Touring Cruiser Electric Off-Road On-Off-Road Other Scooter Sport-Touring Sportbikes Standard Touring Touring Scooter Track Youth Brands Aprilia BMW CFMoto Ducati Energica Gas-Gas Harley-Davidson Honda Husqvarna Indian Kawasaki KTM Kymco Moto Guzzi MV Agusta Piaggio Royal Enfield Suzuki Triumph Vespa Yamaha Zero Resources New Rider's Hub Dealers Safety Forums Videos Insurance Join Now My History Account Settings Log out Edit & Post 2024 Yamaha Tracer 9 GT+ Gallery We had the pleasure of riding 950 miles across three states in two days. Here are some photos of the GT+. By Evans Brasfield Pin Slideshow Edit Slideshow Along Highway 50 in Nevada The Sierras Seen from 9,000 Feet The Millimeter Wave Transmitter 10 Position Adjustable Windshield Great Cornering Capabilities The Garmin Motorize App Provides Navigation Yamaha Ride Control (YRC) Street Settings YRC Custom Mode Allows Full Adjustment One of Three Speedometer Styles All LED Lighting Aggressive in Stature Rider Seat in Low Position Adjustable Foot Peg Height Semi-Active Suspension Adapts to Conditions Hand Guards are Silly in Hot Weather Unified Braking is a Game Changer Sport Mode Delivers Smooth Throttle Response Saddlebags are Easily Removable Rear Preload Adjuster A Willing Travel Partner Sport Mode Offers Stiffer Suspension In the Mountains of Idaho The New Joystick A Familiar Engine Steering is Responsive for a Bike This Size Made for Travel About Privacy Terms Contact us Advertising Copyright Follow us © 2024 VerticalScope Inc.
2024 Yamaha Tracer 9 GT+ Review
Thu, 17 Aug 2023Riding 950 miles across three states in two days highlights this Tracer’s capabilities Photography by Joseph Augustin New motorcycle model introductions follow a well-worn path: travel to the event location, eat nice meals, get briefed on the bike of the moment, ride a route designed to highlight the bike’s strengths, take photos/video, eat more good food, return home, and write up a review. After 27 years in this industry, I still get a cheap thrill about throwing a leg over a new motorcycle before it is available to the general public. However, what really gets me going is when I have a chance to log more than just the couple of hundred miles typically covered in an intro and spend some real time on the road with said bike.
2023 Yamaha Tracer 9 GT+ Review – First Ride
Thu, 18 May 2023Yamaha’s sports tourer middleweight receives an influx of technology for 2023 Astute readers are probably wondering why Motorcycle.com is publishing a First Ride of a bike that’s not coming to the States this model year. Our reasoning is that, thanks to the sleuthing of Dennis Chung, we suspect the Yamaha Tracer 9 GT+ will be coming to the U.S. in 2024.
Yamaha Tracer 9 GT+ Finally Coming to US for 2024
Thu, 06 Apr 2023Sport-tourer equipped with radar-based adaptive cruise control Last November, Yamaha Motor Europe revealed a new Tracer 9 GT+ at EICMA, a new version of its Triple-powered sport tourer equipped with a 7-inch TFT display, adaptive cruise control, and a radar-linked unified braking system. Yamaha Motor USA, however, remained quiet about it, and we later learned the Tracer 9 GT+ was not coming to the States for 2023. In fact, even the less techy regular Tracer 9 was left out of Yamaha Motor USA’s returning model announcements.
Yamaha MT-10 SP Project Bike - Update 1
Thu, 26 Jan 2023Everythings installed and initial impressions. It’s been about a month since we introduced Motorcycle.com’s 2022 Yamaha MT-10 SP semi-long-term project bike. In case you forgot the premise of this whole thing, Yamaha offered us the opportunity to hang on to an MT-10 SP for an extended period of time, and since I have a soft spot for the bike, I decided to give it some tasteful upgrades to address some key weaknesses while also unleashing some trapped potential.